Types and Incidence of Congenital
Malformations in Zinc-deficient
Rat Fetuses
(101 full-term fetuses from 14 litters)
Cleft lip 7
Cleft palate 42
Brain (hydrocephalus, ancephalus,
hydranencephalus) 47
Micro- or anophthalmia 42
Micro- or agnathia 14
Spina bifida 3
Clubbed legs 8
Fore 10
Hind 35
Syndactyly 64
Tail 27
Dorsal herniation 1
Diaphragmatic herniation 8
Umbilical herniation 7
Heart (transposition of vessels and
Abnormal position of heart) 2
Lung (small or missing lobes) 54
Urogenital 21
Total 467
Reference: Hurley et.al. Teratogenic effects of short-term and transitory
zinc deficiency in rats. Teratology 1971; 4:199-204.
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